How to Read and Write Files in Perl

How to Read and Write Files in Perl Perl is an ideal language for working with files. It has the basic capability of any shell script and advanced tools, such as regular expressions, that make it useful. In order to work with Perl files, you first need to learn how to read and write to them. Reading a file is done in Perl by opening a filehandle to a specific resource. Reading a File in Perl In order to work with the example in this article, youll need a file for the Perl script to read. Create a new text document called  data.txt  and place it in the same directory as the Perl program below. In the file itself, just type in a few names - one per line: When you run the script, the output should be the same as the file itself. The script is simply opening the specified file and looping through it line by line, printing each line as it goes. Next, create a filehandle called MYFILE, open it, and point it at the  data.txt file. Then use a simple while loop to automatically read each line of the data file one at a time. This places the value of each line in the temporary variable $_ for one loop. Inside the loop, use the chomp function to clear off the newlines from the end of each line and then print the value of $_ to show that it was read. Finally, close the filehandle to finish out the program. Writing to a File in Perl Take the same data file you worked with while learning to read a file in Perl. This time, you will write to it. To write to a file in Perl, you must open a filehandle and point it at the file youre writing. If youre using Unix, Linux or a Mac, you might also need to double-check your file permissions to see if your Perl script is allowed to write to the data file. If you run this program and then run the program from the previous section on reading a file in Perl, youll see that it added one more name to the list. In fact, every time you run the program, it adds another Bob to the end of the file. This is happening because the file was opened in  append  mode. To open a file in append mode, just prefix the filename with the  Ã‚  symbol. This tells the open function that you want to write to the file by tacking more onto the end of it. If  instead,  you want to overwrite the existing file with a new one, you use the  Ã‚  single greater than symbol to tell the open function that you want a fresh file each time. Try replacing the with a and you see that the data.txt file is cut down to a single name - Bob - each time you run the program. Next, use the print function to print the new name to the file. You print to a filehandle by following the print statement with the filehandle. Finally, close the filehandle to finish out the program.

Industry Overview paper (Automotive)

Industry Overview paper (Automotive) The automotive industry has a long history, with a strong part in the economics of the country. We will discuss a brief history of the automotive industry and give a brief overview. We will also give a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Trends (SWOTT) analysis of the industry. We will also address the impact of the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the unemployment rate, and the inflation rate as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). We will also include and discuss three economic indicators, auto sales, personal income, and Federal Reserve actions.History of the Automotive IndustryThe automotive industry is the area of commerce that plans, designs, manufacturer's, and markets automobile models. The automobile industry is concerned with profits and competition; with consumer demands for styling, safety, and efficiency; and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency. The first successful self-propelled road vehicle was a steam automobile invented in 1770 by the French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804).Brush Electric BusThe purpose of the self-propelled vehicle was to transport artillery, and the vehicle ran on three wheels. In Great Britain the inventors William Murdock (1754-1839) and James Watt constructed another form of automobile in 1781, and in 1784 Murdock and Watt produced a model of a wagon that used the power of a high-pressure, non-condensing steam engine. The British inventor Richard Trevithick built the first automobile built to carry passengers in 1801. In the U.S., the inventor Oliver Evans (1755-1819) obtained the first patent on a steam carriage in 1789. In 1803, he built a self-propelled steam dredge, regarded as the first self-propelled vehicle to operate over American roads. By, 1830 steam coaches were in regular daily use to transport passengers over English roads. Starting in 1831 restrictive legislation in England forced the steam coaches off the roads, and by...

How to Be an Anti-Racist Ally

How to Be an Anti-Racist Ally Do you feel overwhelmed by the destructive power of racism, but unsure of what to do about it? The good news is, while the  scope of racism in the U.S. might be vast, progress is possible. Step-by-step and piece-by-piece, we can work to end racism, but to begin this work, we must truly understand what racism is. First, review how sociologists define racism, then consider ways that each of us can work to end it. What Is Racism? Sociologists see racism in the U.S. as systemic it is embedded in every aspect of our social system. This systemic racism is characterized by unjust enrichment of white people, unjust impoverishment of people of color, and an overall unjust distribution of resources across racial lines (money, safe spaces, education, political power, and food, for example). Systemic racism is made up of racist ideologies and attitudes, including subconscious and implicit ones that might even seem well-meaning. It is a system that grants privileges and benefits to whites at the expense of others. This system of social relations is perpetuated by racist worldviews from positions of power (in the police or news media, for example), and alienates people of color who are subordinated, oppressed, and marginalized by such forces. It is the unjust costs of racism born by people of color, like denial of education and employment, incarceration, mental and physical illness, and death. It is racist ideology that rationalizes and justifies racist oppression, like the media narratives that criminalize victims of police and vigilante violence, like Michael Brown, Trayvon Martin, and Freddie Gray, as well as many others.​ To end racism, we must combat it everywhere it lives and thrives. We must confront it in ourselves, in our communities, and in our nation.  No one person can do it all or do it alone, but we can all do things to help, and in doing so, work collectively to end racism. This brief guide will help get you started. At the Individual Level These actions are mostly for white people, but not exclusively. Listen to, validate, and ally with people who report personal and systemic racism. Most people of color report that whites do not take claims of racism seriously. It’s time to stop defending the idea of a post-racial society, and recognize instead that we live in a racist one. Listen to and trust those who report racism, because anti-racism begins with basic respect for all people.Have hard conversations with yourself about the racism that lives within you. When you find yourself making an assumption about people, places, or things,  challenge yourself by asking whether you know the assumption to be true, or if it is something you have simply been taught to believe by a racist society. Consider facts and evidence, especially those found in academic books and articles about race and racism, rather than hearsay and â€Å"common sense.†Be mindful of the commonalities that humans share, and practice empathy. Do not fixate on difference, though it is important to be aware of it and the implications of it, particularly as regards power and privilege. Remember that if any kind of injustice is allowed to thrive in our society, all forms can. We owe it to each other to fight for an equal and just society for all. At the Community Level If you see something, say something. Step in when you see racism occurring, and disrupt it in a safe way. Have hard conversations with others when you hear or see racism, whether explicit or implicit. Challenge racist assumptions by asking about supporting  facts and evidence  (in general, they do not exist). Have conversations about what led you and/or others to have racist beliefs.Cross the racial divide (and others) by offering friendly greetings to people, regardless of race, gender, age, sexuality, ability, class, or housing status. Think about who you make eye contact with, nod to, or say â€Å"Hello† to while you are out in the world. If you notice a pattern of preference and exclusion, shake it up. Respectful, friendly, everyday communication is the essence of community.Learn about the racism that occurs where you live, and do something about it by participating in and supporting anti-racist community events, protests, rallies, and programs. For example, you could: Support voter registration and polling in neighborhoods where people of color live because they have historically been marginalized from the political process.Donate time and/or money to community organizations that serve youth of color.Mentor white kids on being anti-racist citizens who fight for justiceSupport post-prison programs, because the inflated incarceration rates of black and Latino people lead to their long-term economic and political  disenfranchisement.Support community organizations that serve those bearing the mental, physical, and economic costs of racism.Communicate with  your local and state government officials and institutions about how they can help end racism in the communities they represent. At the National Level Advocate for Affirmative Action practices in education and employment.  Countless studies have found that qualifications being equal, people of color are rejected for employment and admission to educational institutions far greater rates than white people. Affirmative Action initiatives help mediate this problem of racist exclusion.Vote for candidates who make ending racism  a priority; vote for candidates of color.  In todays federal government, people of color remain disturbingly underrepresented. For a racially just democracy to exist, we must achieve accurate representation, and the governing of  representatives must actually represent the experiences and concerns of our diverse  populace.Combat racism through national-level political channels.  For example, you could: Write senators and members of Congress to  demand an end to racist practices in law enforcement, the judiciary, education, and the media.Advocate for national legislation that would criminalize racist police practices and institute ways to monitor police behavior, like body cams or independent investigations.Join the movement for reparations  for  the descendants of African slaves and other historically oppressed populations within the U.S., because theft of land, labor, and denial of resources is the foundation of American racism, and it is on this foundation that contemporary inequalities thrive. Keep in mind that you dont have to do all of these things in your fight against  racism. Whats important is that we all do at least something.

Definition and Examples of Gradatio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Gradatio in Rhetoric Gradatio is a  rhetorical term for a sentence construction in which the last word(s) of one clause becomes the first of the next, through three or more clauses (an extended form of anadiplosis). Gradatio has been described as the marching or climbing figure of speech. Also known as  incrementum and the marching figure (Puttenham) Jeanne Fahnestock points out that gradatio could be described as one of the patterns of topic/comment or given/new organization identified by 20th-century text linguists, where the new information closing one clause becomes the old information opening the next (Rhetorical Figures in Science, 1999). Etymology From the Latin, gradationem ascent by steps; a climax. Examples They call for you: The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor. Striking story.(Joaquin Phoenix in the film Gladiator, 2000)Men often hate each other because they fear each other; they fear each other because they dont know each other; they dont know each other because they can not communicate; they can not communicate because they are separated.(Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story, 1958)In the loveliest town of all, where the houses were white and high and the elms trees were green and higher than the houses, where the front yards were wide and pleasant and the back yards were bushy and worth finding out about, where the streets sloped down to the stream and the stream flowed quietly under the bridge, where the lawns ended in orchards and the orchards ended in fields and the fields ended in pastures and the pastures climbed the hill and disappeared over the top toward the wonderful wide sky, i n this loveliest of all towns Stuart stopped to get a drink of sarsaparilla.(E.B. White, Stuart Little. Harper, 1945) One voice can change a room. And if it can change a room, it can change a city. And if it can change a city, it can change a state. And if it can change a state, it can change a nation. And if it can change a nation, it can change a world.(Barack Obama, presidential campaign speech in Des Moines, Iowa, November 5, 2012)The only graceful way to accept an insult is to ignore it; if you cant ignore it, top it; if you cant top it, laugh at it; if you cant laugh at it, its probably deserved.(Russell Lynes)We glory in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope: and hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us.(Paul, Romans 5:3)If you sow a thought, you reap an act. If you sow an act, you reap a habit. If you sow a habit, you reap a character. And if you sow a character, you reap a destiny.(anonymous, quoted by Samuel Smiles in Life and Labor, 1887) She abandoned religion for mesmerism, mesmerism for politics, and politics for the melodramatic excitements of philanthropy.(Vivian in Oscar Wilde’s The Decay of Lying, 1891)Design must have had a designer. That designer must have been a person. That person is GOD.(William Paley, Natural Theology, 1963)All our knowledge brings us nearer to our ignorance,All our ignorance brings us nearer to death,But nearness to death no nearer to God.(T. S. Eliot, Chorus from The Rock, 1934)It takes an egg to make a henIt takes a hen to make an eggThere is no end to what Im sayingIt takes a thought to make a wordAnd it takes a word to make an action.(Jason Mraz, Life is Wonderful) Shakespeares Use of Gradatio My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,And every tongue brings in a several tale,And every tale condemns me for a villain.(William Shakespeare, King Richard III, 1591?)[F]or your brother and my sister no sooner met but they looked; no sooner looked but they loved; no sooner loved but they sighed; no sooner sighed but they asked one another the reason; no sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy; and in these degrees have they made a pair of stairs to marriage which they will climb incontinent, or else be incontinent before marriage . . ..(Rosalind to Orlando in William Shakespeares As You Like It, Act Five, scene 2) Pronunciation: gra-DA-see-o

Innovation and Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Innovation and Change - Assignment Example However it depends upon various factors including willingness to bring a change, vision for change, determination as well as leadership qualities, certainty of progress in right direction and guidance (Jarret, 2009). Different people have different strengths and weaknesses when it comes to finding a solution for their problems, but it is the circumstances due to which they come up with something extra ordinary and contribute to the process of innovation (Mayle, 2006). According to Rosanne Cash â€Å"The key to change... is to let go of fear†. A change can only occur when people let their guard off and let things happen as they please. Innovation on the other hand is derived from a Latin word that means â€Å"to introduce something new to the existing realm and order of things†. In simple words it’s kind of a small revolution in its self (Shavinina 2003). Innovation or change does not occur randomly but thoughts and effort is put into the process to implement a su ccessful change. Lots of decision making goes into this process which is affected by mental models, personal bias and stereotypes that consistently influence the decision makers during statistical computation (Jarret 2009). This does not mean that decisions made are effective sometimes they can be flawed as well. In fact many times the greatest obstacle in the way of innovative change is the flawed human judgment. For example, mergers largely fail to achieve potential. Failure in achieving an effective change can be due to many factors like lack of vision, poor processing, inappropriate business strategies etc. but being able to manage a flawed judgment is the key to survival. Change has to be strategized in a way that leads to successful future yet satisfies short term requirements (Holbeche 2006). Theories of Innovation and Change Different theories about innovation have been brought by different scholar that are being seen practically implemented on to this world such theories as presented by Max Weber, Nisbet, etc are important to be discussed so that change innovation can be well comprehended. With the existence of social science there have been untimely diverse changes in the society. The theory that emerged from Robert Nisbet was the first time people started noticing that there is link between change and society with its past and the present, and here started a new debate. Nisbet’s thesis presented the fact that there can be no reflection or study upon the social change evolving hence it is not measurable and it is distinguishable from the intellectual activity which is usually referred as history (Boudan 1986). Revolution can be defined as a social change that place within a very short period of time. Social change is made up of four factors that are; Modernization, Diffusion, cultural lag and indigenously initiated alteration within the systems. When society is not able to cope up with the forced factors that have been involved into it, change s in that society are inevitable and thus revolution comes into that society. Max Weber was the first person who thought that social changes are rather just not linked to the economics going on around people but to the entire social sciences that are revolving around us. These kinds of changes are important to be discussed and mentioned in researches where social communication is involved (Boudon 1986). Leadership of innovation and change: With the acceleration in the onset of change and innovation, leaders have to evaluate

Fords marketing strategy The Way Forward Case Study - 1

Fords marketing strategy The Way Forward - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that Ford is one of the top ten leading global brands in terms of revenue.   In 2008 to 2009 however, Ford and the automotive industry, in general, experienced difficulty. Its competitors Chrysler and General Motors declared bankruptcy and the company itself is in danger experiencing a substantial decline in sales of 23.4 percent in 2008 to 2009. In an attempt to jump-start sales and save the company, Ford’s new CEO, Man Mulally the former EVP of Boeing (who incidentally helped saved the company’s declining sales after 9/11 attack) implemented a marketing strategy dubbed â€Å"The Way Forward† which served as the company’s blueprint to overcome the 2008-2009 crisis. There are several marketing issues in Ford’s marketing strategy â€Å"The Way Forward†. These are market segmentation, refocused marketing effort and pricing in addition to cutting costs. Perhaps what saved Ford from bankruptcy during the very difficult time of 2008-2009 crisis was its decision to refocus its marketing efforts towards emerging markets. Not only did the company experienced an increase in sales during this difficult time but it also saved on cost when it sold its Volvo subsidiary to leave its maturing market in Europe. As it turned out, it had to keep up with the challenge of the increasing demand rather than get anxious about declining sales.  

In major militay conflicts, matters of logistics are often crucial in Essay

In major militay conflicts, matters of logistics are often crucial in deciding the overall outcome of wars. Discuss with refere - Essay Example The joint delivery lines were not widened and pursued the marine docks with the Royal Navy taking over the Mediterranean. The major apprehension was submarines. Airplanes were not as dominant in World War I as they were in World War II â€Å"to sink a capital ship† (Brown, p. 72, 1998). Throughout World War I, unhampered submarine combat had a considerable force on the capability of Britain's partners to keep distribution paths open, at the same time as the huge volume of the German armed forces showed a lot more for its railways to sustain apart from the time when halted in trench conflict. Logistics, intermittently termed as ‘battle service sustenance’ (Brown, p. 76, 1998), should deal with extremely doubtful circumstances. Whereas ideal estimates are hardly ever achievable, estimates models can decrease vagueness regarding what materials or facilities will be considered necessary, at what place and at what time they will be wanted, or the most excellent method to supply them. Eventually, responsible representatives are required to make results on these issues, at times by means of instinct and logically evaluating substitutes as the circumstances call for and authorize (Shrader, p. 28, 1992). Their decisions should be supported not just by expert understanding of the several facets of logistics itself but as well on the perceptive of the interaction of directly linked armed forces concerns, for instance, line of attack, approaches, aptitude, guidance, recruits, and funding. On the other hand, case studies have revealed that quantitative numerical investigations are mostly an important enhancement on individual decision. One such example is the application of â€Å"Applied Information Economics by the Office of Naval Research and the Marine Corps for forecasting bulk fuel requirements for the battlefield† (Shrader, p. 48, 1992). In most important armed forces clashes, logistics issues are mostly decisive in choosing the general effe ct of conflicts. â€Å"For instance, tonnage war - the bulk sinking of cargo ships - was a crucial factor in World War II† (Shrader, p. 65, 1992). The triumphant united anti-submarine movement in addition to the collapse of the German Navy to drop an adequate amount of shipment within the conflict of the Atlantic permitted Britain to remain in the conflict and set up the subsequent front in opposition to the Nazis; by distinction, the unbeaten U.S. submarine movement in opposition to Japanese marine transport through Asian seas successfully crippled its financial system as well as its armed forces creation potential. More commonly, shielding one's personal delivery lines as well as assaulting those of an opponent is a basic armed forces policy; an illustration of this as an entirely logistical movement for the armed forces way of executing strategic course of action was the Berlin Airlift. Armed forces logistics has initiated a number of procedures that have subsequently turn ed out to be extensively positioned within the profitable world (Creveld, p. 102, 1979). Functions study grew further than World War I

Pollution Prevention Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution Prevention - Case Study Example In this  assignment  we will look for the  stakeholder  of the chemical plants,  we will  identify  the  part  they play in making any  company  a success, we will also look at how a company can  function  such that it meets the needs of its stakeholder and at the same time maintain a quality standard.  We will also look at the factors that affect the quality of the product that the company produces and how it can be further improved upon.  Since, the only thing that is  constant  is change,  therefore  how to bring about a constant change that will keep the  stakeholder  happy  and will also  benefit  the accounts of the company (Chanlett, 1973). Stakeholders of any organization are those who, will  basically  benefit or  will be harmed  by the activities that  are carried  out by the firm.  For any organization  there are  broadly  two types of  stakeholder, internal  stakeholder  and external  stakeholder. ... They care about the profits  but  they are far more concerned about the success of any project they have initiated. Even those who  approve  the launch of the new product are all  stakeholder  of a project. The best possible way to meet the requirements and expectations of  stakeholder  is to produce results. The only things that the  stakeholder  wants are the results, the end product. The best way to  produce  the results is to have a business strategy designed in such a way that the end results  are met, and the most  appropriate  way  is to  design  the  strategy  in such a way that the goals are realistic, measurable and achievable, this will make it easy for the company to make the  stakeholder  happy. It is not  necessary  for the strategy to be a  huge  one  but  it should be an  effective  one. It is  important  that the roles and responsibilities are  pre assigned  and  the  relationship  of the peopl e involved  is clearly mentioned  and defined so that the work flow can  progress  effectively and smoothly.  Clear job descriptions should also be provided so that each and every person is aware of actually what they  are supposed  to do and what extent their contribution  is required.  There should also be an established performance  evaluation  system for the people involved in the implementation of the  policy  to make sure of its effectiveness.  Also, there should be a  proper  mechanism  which will work to make sure that the  policy  is being implemented  properly and as per the laid down rules (Chanlett, 1973). There should be  constant  checks on the  policy  that  has been implemented.  The environmental policy should be such that the objectives and the targets that  have been laid  down

Law reform regarding Animal Welfare Essay Example for Free

Law reform regarding Animal Welfare Essay As the world changes so do worldviews and therefore, so do the accepted morals and values of the time. With these changing morals and values come altering laws, amended or renewed to reflect these changing views. This is called law reform, in particular, the subject of Animal Welfare. Laws in relation to animal welfare have been made and amended to restore justice and equality to the voiceless members of society. Before recent times, the rights of animals had been severely overlooked. Attention has been brought to breeding and slaughtering practices around the world through wide scale media. In such countries these processes fly under the radar and are rarely monitored, until now. This is when worldwide regulations have to be put in place to ensure that appropriate and adequate treatments are adhered to around the world. Most animal cruelties on a small scale are kept quiet, and are performed either in secluded areas away from prying eyes or those who witness such things are unable or unsure of how to seek justice. Although most of the first laws regarding animal protection from human mistreatment were made in the early 19th Century, according to Peter Sankoff and Steven White’s book; ‘Animal Law in Australiasia’, these laws fall short of bringing adequate justice to the cruelties within Australia and New Zealand. Activists, academics, law professionals and many others share this view, giving even more reason to amend relevant legislation to cover any discrepancies and loopholes. Animal law has only recently emerged as a studied genre of law, which means it is slowly becoming more known. The constitution is the basis for all Australian law and in this case, particularly from section 51. Firstly, section 51 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament shall†¦ have power to make laws for peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to 39 subject matters, known as heads of power. Although the constitution itself doesn’t outline laws regarding animals other than fish, it does give the conditions in which other laws can be created. The Commonwealth can enact any law, provided that the law is characterized as being under at least one of the heads of power. Subject to some limitations, a law that is characterized as being one with respect to one of these heads of power will be valid although it may regulate some other matter that is not specifically allocated to the Commonwealth (such as animal welfare). Through external affairs powers and corporations power came these treaties: Examples of the treaties formed with other countries are as follows: * The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, * The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1973, * The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species and Wild Animals 1979 (‘the Bonn Convention’) and * The Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific 1976 (‘the Apia Convention’). Mechanisms of Reform- Non-Government Organizations. Lawyers For Animals is an organization dedicated to advocating the need to improve animal welfare through education and law, as well as ‘Voiceless’. Voiceless is a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering networks for law professionals, academics and politicians to influence law and the need for law reform regarding animal welfare. They conduct research regarding agricultural industry practices, exposing legalized cruelty and promoting need for debate. They also attempt to inform the public about consuming and which products have and have not come from low quality, quantity breeders. They recognize the need for a voice that projects the facts of cruelty among everyday people and corporations that give way to law reform and law making in relation to the protection and rights of animals. By building a forum, social justice movement, funding in education, participation in events and forming relationships with law schools and firms, Voiceless hopes to provoke change an d awareness about animal welfare. The key issues that have been addressed as contemporary issues regarding this subject are; * Animals as property * Animals in agriculture * Animal welfare legislation * Labeling * Live animal export * Intensive livestock production and climate change * Animals used for scientific purposes * Animals used for entertainment * Pets * Pests * Wild animals * Fish and crustaceans These are a vast range of issues, which call for a vast range of bills to be introduced from a large number of interested politicians. Having animals as property and pets, means that we as humans own them. We dictate what it is they eat, drink, do etc. We are responsible for taking care of them, and the blatant fact is that many people don’t. As Gary Francione, distinguished professor of law, states animals are ‘as a matter of law, solely means to human ends. As such, their value is measured in terms of their usefulness to humans, and not in terms of their own interests’. The Animal Legal Defence Fund (‘ALDF’), was established in 1979 and has more than 100,000 dedicated lawyer members who apply their skills in a number of ways in order to protect the lives and advance the interests of animals through the legal system. For example, the ‘Litigation Program’ files cutting-edge lawsuits to stop the abuse of companion animals, and animals abused in industries including factory farming and the entertainment business; while the ‘Criminal Justice Program’ works with law enforcement and prosecutors to seek maximum penalties for animal abusers. ALDF has also been at the forefront of law reform in respect to one that can actually make a difference. With changing times also comes the once described as ‘likely to be the next great social justice movement’, animal welfare is becoming more well known. Universities have been reflecting this growing issue, providing more and more opportunities for education on and relating to animal rights and animals and the environment. Examples of such debates for reform topics and their respectable supporters ( as found on http://www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2008/will-‘animal-rights’-become-next-great-social-justice-movement) a re below: * Arguments in favour of basic legal rights for nonhumans (Steven Wise; President, Center for the Expansion of Fundamental Rights Inc., Coral Springs, Florida, USA ); * Suicide foods’: the anthropomorphising of animals (Prof Mark Kingwell, Uni of Toronto); * Animal rights activists’ case against the animal industries (Tom Regan, American philosopher and animal rights activist); * The philosophy behind animal welfare (Geoffrey Bloom, Geoffrey Bloom Associates); * The law and pig farming (Dr Malcolm Caulfield, legal counsel for Animals Australia); * Animals and the law in Australia: a livestock industry perspective ( Kathleen Plowman; General Manager Policy for Australian Pork Ltd, with Alan Person and John Topfer); * The treatment of feral animals (Graeme McEwen, Barristers Animal Welfare Panel); * The ethics of animal biotechnology (Professors Mickey Gjerris and Peter Sandoe, University of Copenhagen); * Animal derived food labelling (Katrina Sharman, Corporate Counsel , Voiceless, the fund for animals); * The common law and animal rights (Nichola Donovan, Lawyers for Animals); * Animals, guardianship and the local courts Another benefit human’s get from animals is profit. Breeding and meat production are industries where greed comes into play and animals needs and rights are forgotten. These NGO’s raise awareness and with the help of media, put pressure on the courts and parliament to introduce change. Certain ministers will be targeted and issues put forward to so that agencies have a representative in court. Animal Laws that already exsist: * Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT) * Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT) * Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW) * Animal Care Protection Act 2001 (QLD) * Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA) * Animal Welfare Act 1993 (TAS) * Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (VIC) * Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA The shortcomings of these laws are the lack of equal treatment among animals used for scientific research and those that are pets. Eg: Cats will receive better treatment than pigs, as they are pets and pigs are used simply to grow and once they are grown, to eat. Again, seen as property beneficial to humans, which goes against the rules of law. The majority of the difficulties with enforcement stem from the manner by which the power to enforce animal welfare legislation is granted. The power is granted to: * State government departments; * the RSPCA; * and the police. Much of the enforcement is carried out by the RSPCA. It is the state and territory governments that are responsible for enacting legislation appropriate to their areas, therefore this will be done through the New South Wales Law Reform Commission. The New South Wales Law Reform Commission takes care of localized matters in relation to the state and the Australian Law Reform Commission takes care of matters to do with international treaties of trade and animal treatment. The New South Wales Law Reform Commission may be the pinnacle of law making bodies for New South Wales, The Australian Law Reform Commission itself recognizes the altering times and calls for change throughout the country. Dated 19th May 2009, David Weisbrot, President of the ALRC spoke at the University of Sydney about their views upon the issue, with the NGO ‘Voiceless’. He stated that; â€Å"I think we need; national – or at least harmonised – legislation that protects animal welfare; and is not set at the lowest common denominator; or is so riddled with loopholes that you could drive a large factory farm truck though.† From the President of the ALRC itself, one would have to assume actions were being made in establishing new laws regarding animals, however it is not so. In the recent years, there has been much talk of changes yet no actions or amendments have been put in place as a follow through of this talk. David also stated that we evolve over time, resulting in the need for law reform and that it is this slow and painstakingly gradual task. Reasons for law reform regarding animal welfare: An example of the altering views are prime in the subject of Sweden banning importations of Australian wool in the fear that it would be supporting mulesing. This could go on to be a major issue for the wool trade industry. Another concept is that of the changing and growing world, as the population grows, so does the need for food. This pressures farmers into states of mass production; Eg: The mass breeding and steroid use in chickens so that they reach adulthood 10x faster than usual, leaving their legs to break and mutate under the abnormal weight that grows too fast for the rest of the body to keep up. These chickens have shorter and extremely painful life spans, are kept in battery cages where there is no room for them to walk or sit. This issue has been addressed in documentaries attempting to make the public aware of the cruel and selfish origin their produce is coming from and spur politicians into addressing the subject with observance of practices and laws to protect such a nimals. As is seen in the many above genre’s relating to animals as pets, food and many other things, a massive need for appropriate and widespread legislation has surfaced. Ways of mass production are under complete scrutiny for cruel practices, while more monitoring of animal owners has become paramount for the RSPCA. Universities have opened doors to educating the worlds youth about this topic, providing a new force of law trained individuals, able to influence people within their league into the advertisement and hopeful altering of current laws. These trained professionals have the ability to uncover the shortcomings of current laws that have been so far swept under the rug, and take them to members of the State and Federal Governments for consideration. The Non-Government Organizations such as the RSPCA or Voiceless project widely held views of the public, who may not be as educated or influential within the political spectrum, but allow the public a say all the same. With a new influx of technology from the late 20th into modern 21st century, brings both positive and negative possibilities when monitoring and even bringing about animal cruelty. That is, one can use cameras placed in chicken farms to monitor such breeding, but it is the development of scientific technology that has allowed such abnormal growth in the first place. Education towards use of technology in a morally aware way should be a priority for the government, as well as making the public more aware of those cruelties that happen every single day. By making the public largely aware of various aspects of animal cruelty, many more opinions can be altered to support the work of the RSPCA and Voiceless, so that both the N.S.W Law Reform Commission and Australian Law Re form Commission can alter their own priorities and make changes to relative legislation. Bibliography: * http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/welfare * http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/reform * http://www.lawyersforanimals.org.au/documents/Animal-Law-Subject-Proposal.pdf * http://lawyersforanimals.org.au/ * http://www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862877191 * http://www.animallaw.info/nonus/articles/ovaustrailia.htm * http://lsa.net.au/wcb-content/uploads/lsa/files/2011/Animal%20Law%20-%20a%20need%20for%20reform%20(LSA%20State%20Conference%20March%202011).pdf * http://www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2008/will-‘animal-rights’-become-next-great-social-justice-movement * http://www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2009/voiceless-animal-law-lecture-series

Circadian Rhythms Essay Example for Free

Circadian Rhythms Essay 1. Describe how circadian rhythms are associated with sleep deprivation. 2. Explain the results of the sleep deprivation assessment. 3. Do you agree, or disagree, with the results. Why, or why not? 4. If you are sleep deprived, what steps could you take to get more or better quality of sleep? Alternatively, if you are not sleep deprived, what techniques allow you to get quality sleep most nights of the week? Circadian rhythms: Their role and dysfunction in affective disorder Press conference on the occasion of the 23rd ECNP Congress 2010, Amsterdam All humans are synchronised to the rhythmic light-dark changes that occur on a daily basis. Rhythms in physiological and biochemical processes and behavioural patterns persist in the absence of all external 24-hour signals from the physical environment, with a period that is close to 24 hours. These rhythms are referred to as  ´circadian ´, from the Latin  ´circa diem ´ ( ´about a day ´), and are attributable to internal biological clocks, driven by a major circadian pacemaker in the brain. The circadian pacemaker is entrained each day to the 24-hour solar cycle, which is the major  ´zeitgeber ´ (literally time-giver). Other zeitgebers are food intake, activity, or social cues, e.g. the alarm clock. Good temporal entrainment allows for optimal performance at the right time of the day, because being able to anticipate future tasks allows the appropriate physiological and psychological preparation. However, our modern society often imposes deviations from the regular work-rest-scheme, as in shift work, which results in problems with entrainment. Failure to adapt to environmental and societal time cues leads to misalignment of internal biological clocks. This  ´dysentrainment ´ comes with enhanced risk of errors and accidents, loss of productivity, and health risks such as increased propensity for cancer, depression, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, decreased immune responses and even life span. Hence, people with circadian rhythm disruption caused by shift work often develop glucose intolerance, diabetes and hypertension, and maybe cancer. The recent discovery of the core molecular circadian clock machinery has dramatically increased interest in the impact of circadian dysregulation on mental and physical health. Molecular basis of circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms are directed by a master biological clock in a specific brain structure of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Apart from the SCN, the body has circadian oscillators in all brain regions and peripheral tissues, for example the liver (Schulz Steimer, 2009, Bechtold et al., 2010). The SCN is synchronised daily by environmental signals – mainly light (Wirz-Justice, 2006). Receiving information on lighting conditions directly from the retina, the SCN drives secretion of the pineal gland hormone melatonin as well as and many peripheral clocks, and their outputs modulate the SCN through feedback or feed-forward effects. Thus, in the body there is a hierarchy of interacting clocks (Schulz, 2007). In all cells, the expression of many genes changes rhythmically over 24 hours. Specific circadian genes such as CLOCK, BMAL1, and PER are responsible for the main SCN clockworking machinery as well as subsidiary clocks in other parts of the body. In m ice with mutations in time-keeping genes, deviant circadian sleep-wake and other rhythms can be observed. In addition, new interest in the role of circadian dysregulation in psychiatric disorders has arisen from the finding that a mutation in a core circadian clock gene induces hyperactivity, decreased sleep, and mania-like behaviour in mice (Turek, 2008). Animal studies were the key development that brought the field to its present exciting position, because their findings suggested that  ´clock genes ´ are directing the circadian rhythms in all physiological processes. Circadian disturbances: clinical impact on affective disorders In healthy individuals, physiological and biochemical variables such as body temperature, cortisol and melatonin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), noradrenaline and serotonin exhibit a circadian rhythm. However, in patients with affective disorders, many of these circadian rhythms are disturbed in phase and amplitude (Schulz Steimer, 2009; McClung, 2007). For instance, women with depression have a greater degree of variability in the timing of physiological and endocrine rhythms. Dysregulation of circadian rhythms and sleep disturbances are also core elements of bipolar disorder, and might be involved in its pathogenesis (Dallaspezia Benedetti, 2009). Clinicians have learned the enormous importance of synchronising agents ( ´zeitgebers ´) to entrain rhythms in patients with mood disorders, and how useful they are as novel treatments (e.g. light, melatonin). With regard to major depressive disorder, almost all patients present with sleep  disturbances and altered circadian rhythms including hormonal secretion, cardiac function, and body temperature. Sleep disruption is a major symptom in depression, with over 90% of patients showing sleep complaints that affect daytime functioning (Thase, 1999). Insomnia often appears before the onset of mood disorder symptoms and may persist into clinical remission: sleep disturbances are known to be a frequent residual symptom of depression, and the presence of insomnia marks an increased risk of relapse or recurrence. Sleep difficulties often are the key factor that causes depressed patients to seek medical help, and relief of sleep disturbances is important to encourage compliance with antidepressant medication. Associated with chronic depression, sleep disturbance can have as great an impact on health-related quality of life as the mental illness itself (Katz McHorney, 2002). It is well known that changes in clinical state are accompanied by shifts in timing of the sleep-wake cycle. The switch out of depression is often associated with a spontaneous sleep deprivation. Conversely, a prescri bed sleep deprivation can rapidly show antidepressive activity. Even more strikingly, a phase advance of sleep timing can induce longer-lasting antidepressant effects, suggesting an intimate functional relationship between sleep, its timing, and the depressive state. In healthy individuals and in patients with affective disorders, there is a close link between circadian rhythms, the stability of mood, and sleep regulation. How to reset the human biological clock in affective disorders In clinical practice, sleep disturbances in depression generally can be improved with effective antidepressant medication. However, commonly used modern antidepressants may be sleep-disturbing, particularly early in treatment, often to the extent that a sedative or hypnotic compound has to be prescribed concomitantly (Mayers Baldwin, 2005). The search for novel antidepressants has focused primarily on drug development, with the role of psychotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy to help depressive patients being well accepted. Surprisingly though, clinical application of chronobiological research, so called chronotherapeutics, appears not to fit into any conventional category, and is mostly neglected as putative treatment. Chronotherapeutics Chronotherapeutics is defined as controlled exposure to environmental stimuli  that act on biological rhythms (e.g. light) or direct manipulations of sleep in order to achieve therapeutic effects in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. One major aim of chronotherapeutics is to synchronise impaired circadian rhythms. Today the range of chronotherapeutic indications not only comprises affective disorders such as major depression (seasonal and non-seasonal), bipolar disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder and depression during pregnancy, but also bulimia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dementia, Parkinson ´s disease, and shift work and jet-lag disturbances (Wirz-Justice et al., 2009). Chronotherapeutic elements include light therapy, dark therapy or blue-blocking sunglasses, wake therapy (total or partial sleep deprivation in the second half of the night), phase advance of the sleep-wake cycle, and exogenously administered melatonin. Light therapy as a zeitgeber has been used to resynchronise disturbed sleep schedules back to a more normal pattern. Light is also an effective antidepressant, acting on many of the same neurotransmitter systems and brain structures as antidepressant drugs. What is fascinating about light therapy is that it is the first treatment in psychiatry that developed directly out of basic neurobiology research related to seasonal hibernation and reproduction in rodents. Light therapy is effective for all groups of major depression – not only for the seasonal subtype (SAD), for which it is well recognized as the treatment of choice. As an adjuvant to antidepressants in unipolar depressive patients, or lithium in bipolar patients, morning light hastens and potentiates the antidepressant response. Light therapy shows benefit even for patients with chronic depression of 2 years or more, and provides a viable alternative for patients who refuse, resist or cannot tolerate medication, or for whom drugs may be contraindicated, as in antepartum depression (Wirz-Justice et al., 2005). In addition, light therapy has been successfully used in other psychiatric or neurological illnesses, including bulimia nervosa and Alzheimer ´s disease. Dark therapy has yielded positive results to control symptoms in acute mania and to calm `rapid-cycling ´ bipolar patients in the manic phase – a group with one of the highest suicide rates among the mentally ill. By keeping patients in the dark and extending rest-sleep for periods of 10 to 14 hours, the mania episode could be ended. Dark therapy is theoretically interesting for its rapid effects, but is not very  practical. One alternative at present being investigated is the use of blue-blocking sunglasses. Blue is the wavelength to which the circadian system is particularly sensitive, thus by blocking this range in the light spectrum we can induce circadian darkness while not impairing the patients vision. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland only at night, and is suppressed by light. Cued by darkness, melatonin is especially important for the onset of sleep, but is also involved in many other systems cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and metabolic. If rhythms are out of sync, as in depression, then melatonin rhythms also occur at the wrong time thus accentuating the sleep disturbance. Exogenously administered, melatonin acts as a zeitgeber to synchronise circadian rhythms. In addition, its thermoregulatory action is important to induce a rapid onset of sleep, though it is not a sedative age nt per se. Wake therapy (a single nights sleep deprivation) is the most rapid antidepressant available today: approximately 60% of patients, independent of diagnostic subtype, respond with marked improvement within hours. A single nights sleep deprivation induces similar brain changes as many weeks of antidepressant drugs (Benedetti and Smeraldi, 2009). Relapse after recovery sleep can be prevented by daily light therapy, concomitant administration of antidepressants (SSRIs), lithium (for bipolar patients), or a short phase advance of sleep over 3 days. Combinations of these interventions show great promise (Wirz-Justice et al., 2005, 2009). Despite the growing evidence for the efficacy of the available chronotherapeutic methods, it is surprising how limited the use of these treatments still is. Given the rapid action of chronotherapeutics, lack of side effects, and easy combination possibilities, how can sleep physicians and psychiatrists be educated about their use? Perhaps it is the patients that need to be educated, who are much more interested in non-pharmaceutic approaches? Obviously, treatments that are not patentable do not make profits for industry, thus denying the commercial marketing model used for drugs. Because they do not go through official clinical trial registration at federal regulatory agencies, chronotherapeutic treatments are not on the list for insurance reimbursement. On account of their simplicity, chronotherapeutics contrast with high-tech medicine, and for this reason are often not taken seriously. Clinical implications In clinical practice there is still rather widespread ignorance about circadian sleep disturbances and chronotherapeutics in spite of the significant evidence base. How can wider dissemination of chronotherapeutics be achieved? First, enterprising doctors should try them out. Only with first-hand experience does the reality of efficacy and response emerge. Second, the techniques should be taught in medical school and during residency – since it is the younger generation that is most open to change and use of cogent alternatives to medication. The nonprofit, multilingual patients website www.cet.org and clinicians website www.chronotherapeutics.org of the Center for Environmental Therapeutics (CET) illustrate some first attempts to meet this Phase 3 educational challenge. Third, through its societies, the field of chronotherapeutics needs to advocate recognition for reimbursement. In the treatment of affective disorders, chronotherapeutics offer a new synthesis of non-pharmacol ogic interventions designed to accelerate remission in patients with depression and bipolar disorder. Combining chronotherapeutics with concomitant or follow-up medication shows great promise. Given the urgent need for new strategies to treat patients with residual depressive symptoms, clinical trials of wake therapy and/or adjuvant light therapy, coupled with follow-up studies of long-term recurrence, are of high priority. Conclusion Circadian dysfunction can have drastic consequences on brain functions. Increasing evidence suggests that disrupted temporal organisation impairs behaviour, cognition, and affect (Benca et al., 2009). Disruption of circadian clock genes impairs sleep-wake cycle and behavioural rhythms, which may be implicated in mental disorders. Several different psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), schizophrenia, and borderline-related disorders are commonly associated with abnormalities in circadian rhythms. In particular, biological clocks play a major role in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Synchronising impaired circadian rhythms, improving sleep, or paradoxically staying awake most of the night can be extremely helpful to treat patients with depression and bipolar disorder. Chronotherapeutic combinations of light and wake therapy achieve fast results and, by reducing  residual symptoms, also minimise relapse over many months. In addition, chronotherapeutics seem to be a major facilitator of drug response, and, in combination with antidepressants, a promising method to stabilise patients over the long term. Researchers are working on extending our knowledge concerning pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical ways to alter circadian rhythms. Recent discoveries of molecular clocks responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms provide novel insights into temporal disruption, offering new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of affective disorders. Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock * Sleep Topics Most people notice that they naturally experience different levels of sleepiness and alertness throughout the day, but what causes these patterns? Sleep is regulated by two body systems: sleep/wake homeostasis and the circadian biological clock. When we have been awake for a long period of time, sleep/wake homeostasis tells us that a need for sleep is accumulating and that it is time to sleep. It also helps us maintain enough sleep throughout the night to make up for the hours of being awake. If this restorative process existed alone, it would mean that we would be most alert as our day was starting out, and that the longer we were awake, the more we would feel like sleeping. In this way, sleep/wake homeostasis creates a drive that balances sleep and wakefulness. Our internal circadian biological clocks, on the other hand, regulate the timing of periods of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day. The circadian rhythm dips and rises at different times of the day, so adults stron gest sleep drive generally occurs between 2:00-4:00 am and in the afternoon between 1:00-3:00 pm, although there is some variation depending on whether you are a â€Å"morning person† or â€Å"evening person.† The sleepiness we experience during these circadian dips will be less intense if we have had sufficient sleep, and more intense when we are sleep deprived. The circadian rhythm also causes us to feel more alert at certain points of the day, even if we have been awake for hours and our sleep/wake restorative process would otherwise make us feel more sleepy. Changes to this circadian rhythm occur during adolescence, when most teens experience a sleep phase delay. This shift in teens circadian rhythm causes them to naturally feel alert later at night, making  it difficult for them to fall asleep before 11:00 pm. Since most teens wake up early for school and other commitments, this sleep phase delay can make it difficult to get the sleep teens need an average of 9 1/4 hours, but at least 8 1/2 hours. This sleep deprivation can influence the circadian rhythm; for teens the strongest circadian â€Å"dips† tend to occur between 3:00-7:00 am and 2:00-5:00 pm, but the morning dip (3 :00-7:00 am) can be even longer if teens haven’t had enough sleep, and can even last until 9:00 or 10:00 am. The circadian biological clock is controlled by a part of the brain called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), a group of cells in the hypothalamus that respond to light and dark signals. From the optic nerve of the eye, light travels to the SCN, signaling the internal clock that it is time to be awake. The SCN signals to other parts of the brain that control hormones, body temperature and other functions that play a role in making us feel sleepy or awake. In the mornings, with exposure to light, the SCN sends signals to raise body temperature and produce hormones like cortisol. The SCN also responds to light by delaying the release of other hormones like melatonin, which is associated with sleep onset and is produced when the eyes signal to the SCN that it is dark. Melatonin levels rise in the evening and stay elevated throughout the night, promoting sleep. In teenagers, research has shown that melatonin levels in the blood naturally rise later at night than in most children and adul ts. Since teens may have difficulty going to bed early to get enough sleep, it can help to keep the lights dim at night as bedtime approaches. It can also help to get into bright light as soon as possible in the morning. Circadian disruptions such as jet lag put us in conflict with our natural sleep patterns, since the shift in time and light cues on the brain forces the body to alter its normal pattern to adjust. This is why jet lag can leave travelers feeling poorly and having more difficulty thinking and performing well. But these symptoms can also occur in everyday life, when the circadian rhythm is disrupted by keeping long and irregular hours. Because of this, it is important to keep a regular sleep schedule and allow plenty of time for quality sleep, allowing these two vital biological components the sleep/wake restorative process and the circadian rhythm to help us perform at our best. References Circadian rhythms: Their role and dysfunction in affective disorder. (10, April 30). Retrieved from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-08/econ-crt082610.php# Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock | National Sleep Foundation Information on Sleep Health and Safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/sleep-drive-and-your-body-clock Good sleeping habits begin with a regular bedtime routine. If you thought that was just for kids, its time to reconsider the importance of pre-sleep rituals in your life. A relaxing bedtime routine helps to prepare your brain and body for bed and promotes restful sleep. | If you try to jump straight from the swirling thoughts and frantic activity of your everyday life into a deep sleep, chances are youll be unsuccessful. Thats because your mind and body arent controlled by flipping a switch to the off position in that way. However, establishing a soothing bedtime routine as an integral part of your sleeping habits sets the stage for a good nights sleep. Humans are creatures of habit and our natural body rhythms crave consistency. So, when youre planning your bedtime routine, keep things simply and easy because your ritual needs to be something you can do every single night. If you make it too lengthy or intricate youre setting yourself up for failure. Your pre-sleep behaviors should be soothing and relaxing. The aim is to give yourself the time and space to wind down from the stresses of the day and reach a calming state of relaxation to make it easier to fall asleep. If your sleeping habits include some of the following, youll be well on your way to establishing an effective bedtime routine. Take a warm bath A drop in body temperature helps to trigger the need for sleep so a warm bath (or a soak in the hot-tub) may help you fall asleep faster. You can enhance this effect by using aromatherapy products (bath oils, scented candles and so on) with calming properties. Practice Relaxation Techniques Todays fast-paced world tends to make us tense and irritable, which can really interfere with your ability to sleep well. Spending some time on relaxing activities (breathing exercises, yoga, massage, meditation, or entle stretches) before bed can lower anxiety levels and calm your body and mind. | Have a Bedtime Snack A bowl of nachos or that last slice of pizza definitely shouldnt have a place in your bedtime routine. But, certain foods and drinks can have a positive effect on your sleep. Some foods contain an amino-acid called tryptophan that can make you feel sleepy. Remember that glass of warm milk your mom used to urge you to drink? She knew what she was doing because milk contains tryptophan. In addition to milk, many dairy products such cheese and yogurt contain this chemical, as do soy products, poultry, whole-grains and many seeds/nuts. So, a glass of milk and a handful of wholewheat crackers could be a good addition to your sleeping habits. Many herbal teas can have a relaxing and calming effect, as well. Avoid Sleep-Destroying Activities Foods Any activity that stimulates your brain or body (with the noticeable exception of love-making) can sabotage your bedtime routine. Stay away from horror movies, work e-mail, strenuous exercise, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, and spicy foods. Also, watch out for unexpected side effects of prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications and natural remedies that you may take for other conditions. Changing your sleeping habits and establishing a bedtime routine that encourages deep, restful sleep takes time and determination but the rewards are well worth the effort.

Educating Rita by Willy Russell :: Papers

Educating Rita by Willy Russell Educating Rita is a play written by Willy Russell. It is about a woman called Rita who feels her life is not fulfilled so she goes to Frank who works at an Open University to tutor her. Rita has a husband called Denny. He is working class and has never been to university, like Rita before she goes to she Frank. Frank on the other hand is a lecturer of literature but does not have everything. He is unhappy at home and is often drunk at his tutorials. The audience's first impression of Frank is that he likes a drink (or two) because in the first scene he is looking for his hidden bottle of whisky. We know straight away that he is a heavy drunk. We only hear Frank talking on the telephone with his partner, Julie. Frank doesn't treat Julie with any respect. He has no intension of going home for tea, he would much prefer to get drunk at the pub. After putting down the phone Frank says " yes that's it you go and put your head in the oven". This shows frank has no feelings for her. Frank works in a university but also tutors for the Open University. Franks wife has quite a few friends but frank doesn't because he is always out at the pub. Frank uses clever words and talks in an intellectual manner. When Rita looks at the picture and says" that's a nice picture" frank thinks it is a strange thing to notice because he has never really noticed it. "Actually I don't think I've noticed it in about 10 years". Frank feels it is a very strange thing to talk about. He takes his surroundings for granted, For example the window " I don't often consider it actually" and jokes about throwing a student out of it. I think Frank likes and respects Rita because he said, "Would you like to borrow it" meaning the book. He also must have had respect for her to let her come to his dinner party.

The Metaphor of Light :: Philosophy Intellectual Papers

The Metaphor of Light The classical unresolved problem of the active intellect, raised by Aristotle in De Anima III.5, has received several interpretations in the history of philosophy. In this paper, I will recover the old hypotheses according to which the active intellect is the god of Aristotle's metaphysics. I propose that if the active intellect is god, it is not an efficient cause but the final cause of human thought-the entelecheia of the human rational soul. Nevertheless, the problem of the active intellect is insoluble simply because we do not count with all the elements required to obtain a sound solution. Yet it can be attenuated by an approach that renders much more coherence to De Anima III.5 than other attempts. To this end, I will (1) analyse the classical conception of Aristotle's two intellects, (2) work on the explanation par excellence of the active intellect, the metaphor of light, distinguishing the double conception of potency and act that may be found in it, and (3) analyse the conc ept of entelecheia as the process by which the active intellect actualizes intelligibles in the sense of the final cause. One of the classic problems, and one of the most difficult to solve in Aristotelian philosophy, is that there is no text in which Aristotle explicitly states how the intellect manages to make 'intelligibles in actuality', that is, ideas. What he says in the fifth chapter of the third book of De Anima, instead of clarifying how man thinks, makes the intellectual process even more obscure, because the soul, as enteleceia of the body, is presented as one unit, but the mentioned text refers to two intellects, and one of them appears to be immortal, not human. It is this intellect, precisely, which Aristotle describes as separate, immortal and eternal, characteristics attributed only to god. Based on such terms, critics have made numerous interpretations on the relationship between rational thought and god: whether man is (or has) the active intellect, whether he thinks together with god, or whether only god is the agent and man is a passive-potential intellect. We think that the active intellect is, indeed, god, but that it is not 'really' an efficient cause of human thought, but rather the final cause or enteleceia of the human rational soul. Joseph Owens and W. Guthrie have recently affirmed this hypothesis. Traditionally, however, some other authors, even though they consider the active intellect to be a separate entity, have doubted or denied that it is god.

Critic Analysis of How the Grinch Stole Christmas Essay

This story by Dr. Seuss is one of the classic children’s stories of all time, which is about a cave monster, Grinch, who hated Christmas because of all the festivities. Because of this, he wished to ruin it by stealing all the gifts from the inhabitants of the nearby Whoville. He thought that through this, he could end all the happiness that the people were feeling during Christmas, but he was wrong. He found out that Christmas is not just about gifts and special presents, but it’s more on the spirit of giving and love. He had a change of heart, and was later accepted in the community (Kowalski). Using the Psychoanalytic school of criticism, we try to define the how’s and why’s of the Grinch’s action (Bressler). We can see that he is the stereotypical monster/villain, who lives a solitary life in his cave, with no one to mingle with except his dog. We see a grumpy character in Grinch, who would hate everything that is fun in the context of a normal person. So Grinch is the typical antagonist, who evilly plans on how to take away the happiness from the people in the Christmas time. But as the story continued, we found that the villain had a change of heart and became good, a typical happy ending, considering it is intended for the young audience (Kowalski). We could see that the Grinch, as well as the inhabitants of Whoville are not humans, though we still give them human characteristics. This is an effective way to relate what you feel in the story, as well as learn new things from it. It is intended for the young ones, so the content is not really complex, and it is easy to understand. The story had the bad guy gone good ending, which suits the story well, since Grinch has a very unique personality, someone you’d want to go along well with. Works Cited: Bressler, Charles. â€Å"Psychoanalytic Criticism†. 1994. April 4 2008. . Kowalski, Frankie. â€Å"How the Grinch Stole Christmas . . . And My Heart†. 1996. April 5 2008. .

The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama

Although he never sets out to explicitly discuss a definition of leadership, we are quite able to see his point of view by considering the two places in the text where the Dalai Lama specifically praises a person as a good leader. The first of these is his own sister. In the course of his discussion of the many difficulties managing the groups of destitute refugees who had fled into India, her contribution was invaluable. As an explanation of why, he tells us that, â€Å"She had an enormous capacity for hard work. This, coupled with her rather fierce nature, made her an excellent leader.By itself, this description does not quite bring out the focus of his compliment; but that focus is made somewhat more clear when he tells us, a few pages later, about Mr. Luthi, a worker with the Swiss Red Cross. He was, â€Å"a man of tremendous zeal and energy, a real leader, who drove the people under him extremely hard. † For the Dalai Lama, then, there seem to be two elements to leadersh ip, one is the ability to bring a tremendous amount of effort to the task in question, and the second is an ability to get a similar effort out of the people you are leading.At first glance, this appears to be somewhat at odds with this holy man’s compassionate, peaceful nature. However, such an appearance is mitigated when we consider the numerous places throughout the book where we see that he holds himself to exactly the same rigorous standard. A particularly good example of this is when his observation of the struggles of his people made his responsibility fully tangible, even given his relative youth. â€Å"One thing my journey down had convinced me of was the need to study hard and learn as much as I could.I owed it to the faith of my people to be the best person I could be. † What was/is their leadership philosophy? As we might expect from the discussion above, the core of the Dalai Lama’s leadership philosophy is to lead by example. In addition to the pa ssages above, this idea also runs throughout the course of the text in the form of his consistent focus on creating opportunities for personal, one-on-one contact with the people he is trying to lead and/or persuade—whether the citizens of Tibet, or the political leaders of China and India.In talking about the positive changes he was able to bring about in government, for instance, we learn that he was, â€Å"determined to be entirely open, to show everything and not to hide behind etiquette. In this way I hoped that people would relate to me as one human being to another. † Even more telling is his narrative account concerning the fighting by Tibetan guerilla forces operating from over the border in Nepal. He feared that their attacks against the Chinese occupying forces would only end in more bloodshed, and he realized, â€Å"that the only way I could hope to make an impression on them was by making a personal appeal. †As the Dalai Lama, any discussion of this man’s philosophy (of anything) must be placed in the context of his religious vocation to bring compassion and an end of suffering to all sentient beings. We see this underlying motivation suggested in the passages already quoted, but we see it move to the fore in the form of leaders that he himself admired. Perhaps none of the examples he gives is more familiar and understandable to us than that of Mahatma Gandhi, whom he considered to be the ultimate politician because he was able to be such a great example to his people of the difficult ideals he expected of them—namely, altruism and non-violence.How did they learn to lead? With characteristic humility, our author shows us that his most important, and most lasting, lessons in leadership were learned from his various large and small mistakes over the years. In one anecdote, we hear the story of the younger Dalai Lama punishing a pet parrot because it did not respond to him with the desired affection. Once he had bea ten it with a stick, it â€Å"thereafter fled at the sight of me. This was a very good lesson in how to make friends: not by force but by compassion. †The same lesson was shaped by his religious studies as a monk, and we see it reflected in mature form years later in his attempt to deal with repeated acts of deception by Chairman Mao. â€Å"Besides,† the Dalai Lama tells us, â€Å"as far as I was concerned, a positive approach was the only sensible one to take. There was no point in being negative, that only makes a bad situation worse. † Did they challenge the process? Not only has he challenged the process for the last forty-plus years, but the Dalai Lama is still challenging the process.In areas from promoting the role of women in Tibetan government to working for U. N. resolutions and intervention in the case of Tibet’s occupation by China, it is not unfair to say that his whole career has been an attempt to challenge the way international politics is conducted. Would you consider them inspirational? If so, why? The thing that is probably the most inspiring about him is that in spite of all that he and his people have been through, he still responds by seeing and hoping for the best in people. Near the end of the book he says, â€Å".. . for there are more than a billion Chinese, and whilst maybe several thousand are participating in acts of cruelty at any one moment, I believe there must be several million performing acts of kindness. † How did they build a team and strengthen others? This is, perhaps, best shown in the account of his discussion with Prime Minister Nehru over the treatment and education of the Tibetan refugees who had come to India. His main approach is to appeal to the very best part of human nature in each of the people around him.In the case of Nehru, the Dalai Lama had laid out his case and, as hoped, Nehru’s humanitarian instincts won out in the end. The same idea is repeated in other places in the book, though not so succinctly. In general we see the application of his faith in leadership by example. In this case by the moral example he presents. By making sure that people can deal with him one-on-one, they are able to see his honesty and sincerity, and, thereby, be inspired by that side of themselves. Did they practice what they preached?In order to answer this question, let us first attempt to encapsulate what the Dalai Lama preached (and preaches). In relation to leadership, it would be fair to say that his sermon consists in: Hold yourself and the people you lead to high standards; the highest of which is to be selfless, altruistic, to put the welfare of others ahead of your own. In looking back over his struggles, there are a lot of examples of this on his part. One of the most pivotal instances was when he had to make the hard decision to leave Tibet.He realized that only if he left would the gathered crowd — protesting against the Chinese, and protecting their leader from the Chinese — disperse, thereby saving them all from deadly Chinese military reprisals. In one decisive moment he gave up his beloved homeland of Tibet in order to save hundreds and hundreds of lives. How did they handle mistakes? Perhaps owing to his lifelong academic training as a Buddhist monk, the Dalai Lama sees each mistake as a learning situation. We have already seen a good example of this in the story of the parrot, in which he made the mistake of beating it to change its behavior.In looking for an example where he made a significant mistake as the leader of Tibet, there is the gradual realization that he had been wrong to believe in the good intentions of Chairman Mao. In contrast to earlier periods where he had been uplifted by his faith in Mao’s underlying goodness, and, in fact, had often appealed to him concerning the conduct of occupying soldiers in Tibet, later in the story we hear the Dalai Lama say, â€Å"I began to see that Chairma n Mao’s words were like a rainbow – beautiful, but without substance.† In response to this realization, the Dalai Lama comes away with a better understanding of how China has worked to create a misleading PR campaign to undermine the appeals of the Tibetan leadership among the world community, and he comes away with a different strategy for moving forward based on getting accurate observers into and out of Tibet to provide objective information on the condition and treatment of the Tibetan people at the hands of the Chinese. How did they recognize the accomplishments of others?Given his varied, persistent needs in trying to keep the Tibetan culture safe and thriving, as well as the managerial tasks of the refugee population, and the political tasks of building international support for his cause, the primary effect of someone showing great leadership or achievement has been to give them more leadership responsibility. We see this talked about in regard to his tut ors, his close associates, and even his own family. By way of illustration, we need only point back to the example given earlier concerning his sister.Because of her ability and demonstrated energy as the manager of the household, he created a situation where the entire refugee population was part of her â€Å"household. † What could we all learn from this person that would make us better leaders? One of the recurrent elements throughout the story is his sincere desire to connect with people, we see him constantly working to meet people — whether they be Tibetan or foreign, wealthy or poor, politician or scientist. In fact, he made it a personal goal to try and meet with every refugee coming into India from Tibet and with other religious leaders whenever he went abroad.He repeatedly mentions these opportunities as being the most valuable part of his life in exile. More than just the intrinsic value of these connections and interactions with people from all different wa lks of life, though, he also helps us to see that there is a secondary benefit in terms of making someone an effective leader. One of the many positive side effects to come from his interactions, especially with the Tibetan masses, is that by remaining close to the common people, a leader avoids being, â€Å"misled by advisors and others around you who, for reasons of their own, might wish to prevent you from seeing things clearly. †

Need and New Faces

SPEECH OF WELCOME Ladies and Gentlemen, Good Afternoon and welcome to the Universidad de Zamboanga, School of Criminal Justice. It is both an honor and a privilege to stand before you, specially the new comers, today and welcome you to this amazing institution. I would like to raise a toast to all the new faces in here. New faces that we don’t know till now but would wish to know. The same new faces that once belonged to us an year ago. The same new faces that, over a short period of time, will no more be, ‘NEW’ faces.Well, I speak on behalf of all the second year students here. Just a few lines of how we all feel at this juncture. Here I go. Newness or novelty has been intriguing and fascinating to man since the Neanderthal times. Novelty for us is excitement and exuberance, surprise and science, cheerfulness and joy, hope and happiness, boldness and buoyancy, positive ness and passion. But men as we all are, novelty to us also means risk, unfamiliarity, uncertai nty, fear, doubt and disturbance.In the same token, the old and the established stands for ‘the familiar and comfortable’, ‘knowledgeable and therefore able’, ‘mature and therefore trustworthy’,‘rugged and therefore reliable. ’ But all this goes with accusations of ‘stagnation and staleness’,‘out-of-date and outmoded ness’ and ‘the slow and the stumped’. What I wish to express using all the ‘adjectives’ that I used is that these new faces in here, our juniors for the coming year, represent to us the same hope and challenge as new players in a cricket team or new twists in a good story.And we, as seniors,should ideally be the matured bunch, a bunch of guys and gals they could trust and depend upon. Together, we can make a terrific team. So, I, on behalf of all the ‘old’ faces here, welcome the new faces with open hands, open minds and above all, OPEN HEARTS. Thank You. COMMENCEMENT SPEECH Good morning faculty, families and class of Two Thousand Twelve. I am honored to be here speaking to all of you today. I want to begin with a quote from Winston Churchill from a commencement speech he gave to his prep school in 1941, â€Å"Never give in.Never give in. Never, never, never, never–in nothing, great or small, large or petty–never give in, except to convictions of honor and good sense. Never yield to force. Never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy† (Churchill, 1941) I know that quote is timeless because here I am repeating it in two thousand twelve, and why you may ask†¦because it is very relevant to my story. Many years ago when I began this journey I had a friend, told me that I would never be able to accomplish a college degree.Although my journey has taken longer than anticipated I proved that friend wrong, and maybe many other’s that were not as candid. I also proved something to myself with hard work, determination, and grit anything can be accomplished. Because life throws so many obstacles and distractions in our paths on a daily basis, it is essential to have supportive and knowledgeable people to go to when needed. The advisers helped guide and encourage me to finish what I started, and fulfill the dreams I had for myself.I cannot begin to properly thank not only my school family that cheered me on when I passed math class, my church family who always had kind words to say to me to help keep me strong when the storm rose up and made me weary, and my family-family who accepted the long hours in front of the computer when I had to complete research, write a paper, or read the endless text books that helped me get here today. I want to be a testament to what can be accomplished when one person believes they can achieve what others do not think is possible.Class of two thousand twelve, do not let people tell you who you are and what you can do, do not let people decide what you are capable of. In 2005 during a commencement speech, Steve Jobs said, â€Å"figure out what you love and do it, do not settle† (Jobs, 2005). I encourage my fellow class mates to take that challenge, do what you love and do not settle. The education that we received during our years at Universidad de Zamboanga have prepared each of us to be diligent, creative, innovative, and successful.I want to leave you with a quote from former ESPN sportscaster, Brian Kenny, â€Å"There is no there. That is elusive, â€Å"there† with the job, the beach house, the dream, it’s not out there. There is here. It’s in you†¦right now† (Kenny, 2007) Don’t waste the life that God gave you, we are his masterpiece, and we can be anything we aspire to be. Thank you. ACCEPTANCE SPEECH Thank you everybody. Thank you dad, my brothers, family, friends and to those who are home watching, thank you so much, and to everyone who voted for me.There really is n othing more important to me than striving to be a good human being. So, to be here tonight and be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me. This award of being a Filipino from the Within is the recognition of my achievements and you can only imagine how important it is to me. My life, as you all know begun from nothing. I grew up at a far farm in Leyte. My parents held hands in cultivating every inch of soil we have just to earn a little amount of money.When I reached six years old, we moved to the city and it was the beginning of my education. It was once difficult, not knowing where to go and at an early age being independent, no one to baby sit me or be my chaperon at school. Time went so fast and as I grew older, there was this little feeling of pity for my co-citizens. The guy on the street, the woman in the classroom, the Muslim, the Protestant, the Catholic, the Visaya, the tausug, the gay, the straight, you, me—we all just w ant to know that we matter. We want validation. We want the same things.We want safety and we want to live a long life. We want to find somebody to love. Filipinos, thank you. We want to find somebody to laugh with and have the power and the place to cry with when necessary. The greatest pain in life is to be invisible. What I've learned is that we all just want to be heard. And I thank all the people who continue to let me hear your stories, and by sharing your stories, you let other people see themselves and for a moment, glimpse the power to change and the power to triumph. Maya Angelou said, ‘When you learn, teach.When you get, give. ‘ I want you to know that this award to me means that I will continue to strive to give back to the world what it has given to me, so that I might even be more worthy of tonight's honor. Thank you. CAMPAIGN SPEECH Ladies and gentleman. Our country has come to a  crossroad, and now you have the power to change the political landscape of the Philippines. As I have said time and time again, if you elect me to be your face in congress, there are several things I will do to  ensure  that your needs are met day in and day out across this land.First of all, I plan on proposing new legislation that will invest more tax peso in our public schools, not only to meet the needs of today, but to encourage developing minds for the future. Such new funding would be used to hire and  retain  good teachers, build and  renovate  new schools, and give great tax breaks to classroom teachers. To accomplish this, I am proposing no new taxes increases, but rather arechanneling  of our existing tax  revenue  to meet these demands. Now, theincumbent  and his staff have been talking about this for years with little progress.I plan to change all of this now. Second, economic development is on the minds of most of you, particularly with regard to our downtown area. For many years, economic prosperity has beenneglected   by current government leaders, and I plan to change all of that. I am proposing a city center  revitalization  project that would promote new businesses, new residential areas, and new open green areas to bring people back to the heart of our city. Current leaders have allowed the new city to die, preferring to invest in sport arenas in the  outlying  areas.And third, I am proposing the construction of a  light rail  train system, to be built over the next decade, to meet the growing demands of better and more efficient transportation for years to come. My opponent and his administration have lacked the vision of long-term solutions, preferring to take a look and see approach. Such a short sighted  stance  fails to consider the needs of future generations . . . our children and our grandchildren. My generation doesn't want to be remembered for a road we build today, but for a more visionary transportation system for our future.And finally, my opponent has  cited  my inexperience as a reason why you shouldn't vote for me. However, I am not a career politician who has lost touch with the everyday needs and concerns of day-to-day people. My work as an educator and business owner has given me a unique perspective on the pains and challenges you face. If elected, I promise to give my all to my elected position and make sure your issues and concerns are fully  addressed  at the local and national level. Thank you

Ascorbic Acid Determination

Determination of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) concentration in some of Commercial Products, by Redox Titration Mouhannad AL. -Hachamii Sadiq J. Baqir Saadon A. Aowda Fatima A. Hussein, Dep. of chemistry, college of science, Babylon University Muhammed K. Alasedi Ministry of Health Hilla city, Babylon Abstract The goal of this search is to determine the concentration of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid ) in some of a Commercial Products, Vegetables and Fruit Juices by Redox Titration.A redox titration, involving an Iodometric method, has been used to do the analysis.L-Ascorbic acid was first isolated as a pure substance by Albert Azent-Gyorgi and Charles Kingin 1928 [Paulling ,1970] , an anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger, is found ubiquitously in fruit and vegetables such as citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines etc. ), melons, tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables such as spinach, potatoes and turnips, its quantitative determination is especially important in the production of wine, beer, milk, soft drinks and fruit juices, where it can be a quality indicator [Gerrior & Zizza,1994] .Given the essential role played in the human diet and necessary to growth and repair of tissues in all parts of human body . It is necessary to form collagen an important skin proteins ,scar tissue ,tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. vitamin C is essential for the healing of wounds, and for the repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth [Mcevoy ,1993] . Since vitamin C is easily oxidized, storage and cooking in air leads to the eventual oxidation of vitamin C by oxygen in the atmosphere.In addition, ascorbic acid is water-solubility vitamin means that a significant amount of vitamin C present in a food can be lost by boiling and then discarding the cooking water [Mcevoy ,1993]. The formula for ascorbic acid is C6H8O6 , It occurs as a white or slightly yellow crystal or powder with a slight acidic test , Ascorbic Acid is freely soluble in water; spa ringly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in chloroform, ether, and benzene [Moffat,1986]. The structures for the reduced (ascorbic acid) form and for the oxidized form (dehydroascorbic acid) are shown below: [pic]The amount of ascorbic acid can be determined by a redox titration with a standardized solution of iodine. The iodine is reduced by the ascorbic acid to form iodide. As shown in the other half of this redox equation. [pic] The titration end point is reached when a slight excess of iodine is added to the ascorbic acid solution [Bailey ,1974;Brody,1994;Pauling ,1976;Kalluer,1986]. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, a disease characterized by weakness, small hemorrhages throughout the body that cause gums and skin to bleed, and loosening of the teeth. Vitamin C can not synthesized through body cells, nor does it store it.It is therefore important to include plenty of vitamin C-containing foods in daily diet. vitamin C toxicity is very rare, because the body can not store the vi tamin however ,amounts greater than 2000 mg/day are not recommended because such high doses can lead to stomach up set and diarrhea. The minimum daily requirement is 30 mg. Well-balanced diets provide adequate amounts of the vitamin as measured by the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of about 75 mg per day for adults (aged 15 or older), less for children, and more for pregnant and lactating women.The National Academy of Sciences recommends the consumption of 60 mg of ascorbic acid per day. . the Federal Food and Drug Administration has adopted the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 60 mg/day A very small daily intake of vitamin C (10-15 mg/day for an adult) is required to avoid deficiency and stave off scurvy. However, there has been, and continues to be, vigorous debate on what the optimum daily intake of vitamin C is. Some have argued that 200 mg/day is an optimal daily intake for adult humans.Others have suggested 1-2 g/day is best, this despite studies that show that the bl ood is saturated with vitamin C at 100 mg/day, and any excess is excreted in the urine [RDA,1995; RDA,1987; Browne. ,1993; FAO/WHO,2002; Levine et al. ,1999; Levine et al. ,1995;Teoh ,1975]. |Recommended daily dietary intake of vitamin C: | | |AUSTRALIA milligrams |U. S. A. illigrams | |Infants: |30 |35 | |Children: |30-50 |45 | |Adult men: |30 |60 | |Adult women: |30 |60 | |Pregnancy (2nd and 3rd |60 |80 | |trimesters) | | | |Lactation: |60 |100 | I2 is not standard solution ,so it may be standardized with thiosulphate solution . Experimental Procedure for determination of [Bailey ,1974; Brody, 1994; Pauling,1976; Kalluer,1986]. 1. Preparation of 0. 005 mol L? iodine solution: Accurately weight two gm of KI and 1. 3g of I2 , dissolved to aless amount of water , shake until dissolving .Transfer iodine solution to a 1L volumetric flask , making sure to rinse all traces of solution in to the volumetric flask using distilled water , completed the volume up to the mark. 2. Preparation o f 0. 5% starch indicator solution: Soluble starch (0. 25gm) to a 100 mL conical flask or beaker and 50 mL of distilled water was added . Solution heated with stirring at 79 0C for 5 minutes , careful must be taken not to exceed the stated temperature. Allow solution to cool to room temperature. 3. Preparation of food/drink sample: Industrial Packaged fruit juices {Orange , Pineapple, Lemon ,Tmrhend and Apple (Miso), Pepsi (khaleek kadha), Red grapes(Niktar), Seven up (Kufa), Pomegranate (Linda) , Tmrhend (Toti), Orange (Dalia), and Granules peach (Rani) } may also need to be strained through cheese cloth if it contains a lot of pulp or seeds. †¢For analysis of vitamin C powders ( Tanc lemon , Tanc orange and livans powders ) dissolved 1 gm in 100mL of distilled water (in a volumetric flask). †¢ For analysis of vitamin C tablets ( Kruger and joiure tablets), dissolved a single tablet in 200 mL of distilled water (in a volumetric flask). †¢ Juice squeezed from fresh fru it (Diala orange , Hilla orange, Egypt orange ,allalinki ,pomegranate and apple Juices ) should be strained through cheese cloth in order to remove seeds and pulp which may block pipettes. Juice squeezed from fresh vegetables ( Tomato ,Onion ,Celery ,Option ,Potato and Lettuce juices ) should be strained through cheese cloth in order to remove seeds and pulp which may block pipettes. †¢Sample of fruit or vegetable (100gm) blended in a food processor together with 50 mL of distilled water. After blending, strain the pulp through cheese cloth, washing it 0mL in a volumetric flask. 4. Aliquot of the sample (20 ml) solution prepared above transfrred into a 250 mL conical flask , about 150 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of starch indicator solution. 5. Sample were titrated with 0. 005 mol L? 1 iodine solution. The endpoint of the titration is identified as the first distinct trace of a dark blue-black colour due to the starch-iodine complex. 6.Titration were repeated with further al iquots of sample solution until concordant results (titres agreeing within 0. 1 mL) were obtained. Results and discussion:- In this research estimating vitamin C in industrial juices (Orange , Pineapple, Lemon, Tmrhend and Apple (Miso), Pepsi (khaleek kadha), Red grapes (Niktar), Seven up (Kufa), Pomegranate (Linda) , Tmrhend (Toti), Orange (Dalia), fruits (Dalia) and Granules peach (Rani)), Kruger and joiure tablets, and Tanc lemon , Tanc orange and livans powders, and natural juices for fresh fruits (Diala orange , Hilla orange, Egypt orange ,mandarin ,pomegranate and apple Juices ) and fresh vegetables ( Tomato , Onion Celery ,cucumber ,Potato and Lettuce juices). It was calibrated using redox way by iodine calibration using starch as indicator , iodine was an adequate oxidizer used for this purpose.Table (1) show the in industrial juices estimated concentration and the proportion of vitamin C. Table (1):The results were obtained below, represent the vitamin C content in some ind ustrial juice in quantity mg / 100 ml and percentage %. |Amount calculated |Industrial product name |Chain | |mg / 100 ml | | | |11. 9 |Orange (Miso) |1 | |49. 4 |pineapple(Miso) |2 | |15. 4 |lemon (Miso) |3 | |14. 2 |Tmrhend (Miso) |4 | |13 |Apple (Miso) |5 | |19 |Pepsi (khaleek kadha) |6 | |35. |Red grapes(Niktar) |7 | |25. 88 |Seven up (Kufa) |8 | |28 |Pomegranate (Linda) |9 | |25. 77 |Tmrhend (Toti) |10 | |19.. 995 |Orange (Dalia) |11 | |13. 33 |fruits (Dalia) |12 | |53. 2 |Granules peach (Rani) |13 | |13. 33 |lemon (Tanc) |14 | |6. 665 |orange (Tanc) |15 | |13.. 33 |orange (livas) |16 | |69.. 95 |vitamin C (Kruger tablets) |17 | |19.. 995 |Vitamins (joiure tablets) |18 | Scheme (1) . Vitamin C content in some industrial juice (mg/100ml) .The result in table (1) and scheme (1) showed the highest concentration of vitamin C in industrial juices found in granules peach juice where concentration is (53. 32) mg / 100 ml and lowest in orange juice (Miso),hitting (11. 49) mg /100 ml ,e ither powder Limon Tanc, the presence of vitamin C according to bulletin declared on the product is 100 %,but the results show that we have reached 89. 9 % and its concentration was (3. 33) mg/100 ml, where results appeared supposed to be the weight of vitamin C (667) mg of origin (45) mg ,results show that this weight (599. 85) mg of origin (45) mg . While orange Tanc powder result of vitamin C amount to 44. 6 % with the amount according to bulletin declared as the products of 100 %,where it should the weight of vitamin C (667) mg of origin (45) mg ,results show that this weight (299. 9) mg of origin (45) mg .Vitamin C tablets – type Krueger according to bulletin declared only that all (1) gm contains (45) mg of vitamin C, but the results we obtained the concentration is (69. 95) mg in (1) gm ,an increase of about (25) mg. Either vitamins fruits tablets – type junior according to bulletin declared only that all (1) gm contains (8. 8) mg of vitamin C but we have receiv ed is (19. 995) mg in (1) gm, an increase of more than double. Where the study showed that the Tmrhend juice (Miso) was vitamin C focus as the results we obtained (25. 7) mg/100 ml ,but according to the bulletin attached descent rate and quality (1. 68) mg/100) ml ,either alimonadah juice (Miso) was its focus as the results we obtained (15. 4)mg/100 ml, but according to the bulletin attached descent rate and quality (0. 1) mg/100 ml. comparing these results with a focus located on the packaging these juices, showing clearly that there was a difference in the percentage concentrated of company to company, And also because of industrial juices and wrong storage methods. The handling and preparation of food products adversely affect the quality of vitamin C in food. since it vulnerable to heat ,oxygen and acid, temperate and alkalinity mediums.With regards to the manufacture of juices, the keepers airtight containers made of sheet metal or glass do not cause the lose of what remains of vitamin C as a result of manufacturing processes only about 10 % while keeping cardboard containers, whether with paraffin layer or polyethylene, they lead to the loss of around 75 % of the past three weeks, even if keeping it in the fridge because these containers do not prevent the access of oxygen to juice and oxidize it, in addition to the work of the upper-packaged juice or occupied by air to oxidize the proportion of juice again, while the addition of carbon alkalinity of the damage vitamin juice damage entirely. Table (2) shows the estimated in natural juice concentration and the proportion of vitamin C .Table (2) :The results were obtained below, represent the vitamin C content in some natural juice in quantity mg / 100 ml . |Quantity Standard |Amount calculated |Natural juices name |Chain | |According to |mg / 100 ml | | | |international | | | | |standards | | | | |mg / 100 mg | | | | |42-50 |98. 64 |Diala orange |1 | |42-50 |107. 1 |Hilla orange |2 | |42-50 |73. 315 |Egyp t orange |3 | |37. |71. 4 |Mandarin |4 | |52. 8 – 72 |63 |pomegranate |5 | |6 |51. 5 |Apple |6 | |13. 6 – 17 |20. 6 |Tomato |7 | |50 |47. 6 |Onion |8 | |14 |22. 1 |Celery |9 | |27 |35. 7 |Cucumber |10 | |11 – 20 |47. 6 |Potato |11 | |75 |83. |Lettuce |12 | | | | | | Scheme (2) : Vitamin C content in some natural juices . In table (2) and scheme (2) the results showed the highest concentration of vitamin C found in orange juice, hitting (107. 1) mg /100ml of juice ,the lowest level was found in tomato juice, when it reached (20. 6)mg /100 ml of juice. Results showed also the presence of vitamin C concentration (107. 1) mg /100ml in naturally orange juice (Hilla),98. 64 mg / 100 ml (Diala) and 73. 315 mg / 100 ml (Egyptian) ,while the concentration of vitamin C in Hilla orange highest from Diala orange which highest more than the Egyptian orange.—– [pic] [pic]