Haitian Culture: Impact on Nursing Care Essays -- essays research pape

Haitian Culture Impact on Nursing C atomic number 18The Republic of Haiti is in the western part of the island of Hispaniola in the tungsten Indies. It is densely populated and has the lowest per capita income in the western hemisphere (Kemp, 2001). The population of more than seven million is made up of mostly descendents of African slaves brought to the tungsten Indies by French colonists. The horrible conditions in Haiti, such as crushing poverty, unemployment and illiteracy, and high rates of acute and chronic illnesses and child and infant mortality, result in the illegal immigration of many Haitians to the United States, France, and other countries in Western Europe. Most immigrants are adults and teens who leave Haiti in tiny boats, despite the risk of drowning and other hazards. According to Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) 2001 statistics, the number of refugees has declined to several thousand per year since the early 1990s. Nearly all Haitian immigrants entering the U.S. are poorly educated, illiterate, and speak only Creole, which is seldom seen in written form. Creole is a pidgin speech, meaning it is a simplified form of a base language with parts of other languages added. These types of languages were frequently used by sailors, pirates, and other trade people to accommodate the span of communication needs they faced. Haitian Creole is public opinion to have been derived by combining various native African dialects with the French language of their owners. Very few Haitians (10%) can actually speak French, and ones ability to do so is seen as an indicator of social class. Because of Haitian views that Creole is the language used by the poor and uneducated, many will aim to be able to speak French and become insulted if it is suggested that they speak Creole. This can pose a problem for the healthcare worker trying to find a way to communicate. Often the only interpreters available to a family are their children who have learned Engl ish in schools here. This can create conflict within the family so a facility provided interpreter usually produces a better outcome. Written materials are often of no use to the Haitian immigrant. Socioeconomic status plays a huge part in how Haitians identify themselves, and influences their actions greatly. Many Haitians wil... ...of exercise. These factors all contribute to the young life forethought of about 49 years (World Health Organization, 2001).When affectionateness for a client of Haitian descent, it is important to be mindful of language and education level, religious and cultural beliefs, and traditional health maintenance practices that may be incompatible with modern medicine. The healthcare provider should respect these cultural differences and be accommodating whenever possible to promote the spiritual and physical well-being of the client.ReferencesAckerman, L.J. (1997). Health problems of refugees. journal of the American Board for Family Practice. 10,337-48. Minarik, P.A. (1996). Culture & nursing care A pocket guide. San Francisco UCSF Nursing Press.Pan American Health Organization (1999). Haiti Country health profile. Accessed 6/28/04.Spector, R.E. (2003). Cultural diversity in health and illness (6th ed).Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall.World Health Organization (2001). Healthy life expectancy rankings. Accessed 6/28/04.

How To Make Tobacco Bongs :: essays research papers

How To Make Tobacco BongsA tobacco bong is another path for someone to smoke tobacco instead of just rolling a cigarette you can just stuff the tobacco in a axial rotation and smoke it. It is much quicker and easier to do than rolling it in papers. There are many types of tobacco bongs but Im only going to explain how to grass two different types because I dont have enough time to explain how to manipulate entirely of them. That would take forever. The first type im going to explain how to perform is a gravity bong. The other type is a water bong.A gravity bong is probably one of the easiest and cheapest ones to make. each you have to have is a 2-liter bottle, 5 gallon bucket filled with water, alluminum foil, a sharp knife, tobacco, and a lighter. The first thing you do is take the lid off of the 2-liter bottle and hence cut the bottom off with the sharp kinife. Then put the alluminum foil over the top of it and energy it down inside of it a little to make a little bowl f or the tobacco. Poke about six or seven little holes in the aluminum foil. And that is how you make the gravity bong. To use it all you have to do is put the 2-liter bottle in the water and push it all the way down, but dont push it to far down just push it to where the water is almost up to the aluminum foil and then put the tobacco in it and hold the lighter close to the tobacco and pull up on the bottle. The suction pulls the smoke inside the bottle and when you get the bottle almost out of the water, pull the aluminum foil off and put your babble out over the hole and push the bottle back into the water. The pushes the smoke down your throat. A honey bear bong is pretty easy to make also. All you have to have is an empty honey bear bottle, a bowl, which costs about a dollar at any smoke shop, 1 posterior of 3/4 inch rubber hose, tobacco and a lighter. First you need to be sure most of the honey is out of the bottle but leave about a half inch of it in the bottom. Then you get the

Internet Advertising (Web Advertising) :: BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

vane publicizingIt is questionable whether advertising on the Web is effective, researchers say. According to Natia Enligh and Michael Pierce, authors of Advertising on the Web, the Web has the ability to deliver a flow of information. For advertisers especially, the Web has enormous potential, mainly because of its vast size and global reach. at present marketers and advertisers are wondering just how they can use the Web to have the greatest impact on consumers.Advertising on the Web is effective because it offers an panoptic amount of information and is interactive. Consumers can control the type of volume of information they raise, in real time and with minimal effort. The Web has excellent potential to guide common-interest groups nationally or across the world, write Enligh and Pierce.Forrester Research Inc. of Cambridge, Mass. says because of the high cost of computers and Internet access, households that are on-line are more educated and have high income levels th an average ones.Home Web users spend about four hours a week on-line. This means that they spend less time on other activities, curiously watching television. As a result, marketing strategies must integrate more mediums if they are to deliver a consistent message. According to Effective Internet Advertising Techniques, (http//afgen.com/techniques.htm), these are some techniques to use when advertising on the Internet Attract your reader with a catchy word or phrase right up front. Study other classifieds. If you see them repeatedly its because they work. Keep your classifieds brief and to the point, using phrases, not complete sketches. Use simple words, not long ones. Dont confuse the reader. Tell the reader exactly what they are getting. Dont try to sell the product in a classified. Simply try to get interested people to respond. Use energetic punctuation, such as exclamation points instead of periods.The Internet is Different Some experts believe reaching a young t arget audience is effective for advertising on the Internet. There are some sections of the population, such as young people and hobbyists, that you cannot reach with conventional media or whom it would be too expensive to reach with TV. The Internet is good mean to seek out niches, says Andrew Rolf, creative director of Internet consultancy Hyperlink Interactive. (The Financial Times Limited-London) on-line(a) advertising works differently than other mediums. Customers are in charge they have control of the Back button.

Male and female gender constructs Essay -- Egalitarianism, Gender Diff

Our cultural beliefs dictate that there atomic number 18 only two biological sexes corresponding to two genders (Newman, 2001). The young-begetting(prenominal) and female constructs often do with them misconceptions and stereotypes, such as the belief that gender and sex are synonymous or that gender assigned at birth indicates a specific perceptiveness for toys, interest, clothes, and eventual erotic attraction (Newman, 2001). Males are expected to exhibit masculine spirit traits and be attracted to women while females are expected to exhibit feminine personality traits and be attracted to men. Research in many countries reveals that stereotyping of personality traits increases steadily in middle adolescence, becoming adult like around age 11 (Berk, 2010). For example, minorren cypher tough, aggressive, rational, and dominant as masculine and gentle, sympathetic, and dependent as feminine (Berk, 2011). Male and female gender constructs are considered the norm, and any other c ombination of biological sex, gender, and knowledgeableity is commonly considered unnatural or pathological (Mintz, & O Neil, 1990 Newman, 2002).Despite cultural beliefs, other gender and sexual role combinations are possible. A child whose biological sex is that of a typical female can have a gender identity element of a boy and as an adult, this person may self-identify as transgender or transsexual and live as a man Newman, 2001(). On the other hand, a biological male can have a gender identity of a boy/man, be attracted to other men, and identify as gay (Newman, 2001). It is not infallible for people who feel attracted to others of the same gender to express any gender nonconformity (). Gay men can be comfortable in their male bodies and exhibit no gender variant behaviors, just as ... ...dentity disorder Treatment and post-transition care in transsexual adults. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 18, 147-150.Gibson, B. & Catlin, A. ( 2011). Care of the child with the des ire to change gender Part 1. Urologic Nursing,31, 222-229.Berk, L. (2010). Development through the lifespan. Allyn & Bacon MA.Vasey, P. & Bartlett, N. (2007). What can the samoan faafafine teach us about the western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 50, 481-490.Mintz, L.B., & ONeil, M. (1990). Gender roles, sex, and the process of psychotherapy Many questions and few answers. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 381-387.Newman, L.K. (2001). Sex, gender, and culture Issues in the definition, assessment, and treatment of gender identity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 352-359.